The outcome of this paper contributed to the advanced knowledge of a microorganism system under anaerobic/aerobic conditions for the effective decolourization of textile effluent. The originality of this work led to the theory of integrated anaerobic/aerobic single-vessel bioreactors. This economic and innovative integrated bio-treatment system for effluent treatment and water recycling has a significant impact on cost reduction for textile industries and the environment. This successful work led to three other conference papers, one edited book, and demonstrated the collaboration with textile industry at the international level under EU project (BIOEFFTEX) in which 11 research and industrial organisations were involved.