We compare the collective phenomena in physics and cooperative phenomena in biology/chemistry in terms of the variational description. The maximum energy dissipation employed and the cost-like functional was chosen according ...

Nature provides a pattern of complex systems in which materials with vastly dissimilar properties grow together and function in close proximity. Although the gap between biological and existing AM systems cannot be overstated, ...

The recent advances in digital fabrication have nearly become synonymous with the formulation of functional inks and inkjet printing. Conversely, dry toner systems, despite their high productivity and maturity in 2D digital ...

Several models have been developed in recent years which apply population dynamics methods to describe the mechanisms of bone remodelling. This study incorporates the population kinetics model of bone turnover (including ...

Remanufacturing is one of the most efficient ways of recycling worn parts because it consumes only a fraction of the energy, cost, and material required for new parts. Remanufacture of engineering components typically ...

The claimed benefits of globally accepted standards include: promotion of knowledge, improved communication and better transparency in commerce. The voluntary implementation of consensus standards has also been summed up ...