4D Printing - Dawn of an Emerging Technology Cycle

Abstract

Purpose - This article reviews state-of-the-art developments in 4D printing, discusses what it is, investigates new applications that have been discovered and suggests its future impact

Design/methodology/approach - The article clarifies the definition of 4D printing and describes notable examples covering material science, equipment and applications

Findings - This paper highlights an emerging technology cycle where 4D printing research has gained traction within additive manufacturing. The use of stimuli-responsive materials can be programmed and printed to enable pre-determined reactions when subject to external stimuli

Originality/value - This article reviews state-of-the-art developments in 4D printing, discusses what it is, investigates new applications that have been discovered and suggests its future impact